The rapid proliferation of the electric vehicle car market represents a pivotal shift towards sustainable transportation. However, this advancement is
Global energy systems are undergoing a profound transformation, shifting decisively toward sustainable and low-carbon pathways. The transportation sector, a major
I position this study at the intersection of environmental governance, closed-loop supply chain management, and digital trust infrastructure. The accelerating
在全球能源结构转型与交通电动化持续加速的今天，牵引电池组是纯电动汽车动力系统的核心储能部件，其热安全性与能量效率已成为行业的主要关切。大量研究表明，锂离子牵引电池组的最佳运行窗口通常介于 25–40°C 之间，且电池包内温度不均匀性应控制在 5°C 以内。然而，牵引电池组在运行过程中会产生显著的热量。若热量未及时带走，电池温度会持续上升，从而加速内部副反应，甚至引发热失控；反之，在低温环境下，电池内阻升高，可用容量和功率输出会明显衰减。更复杂的是，传统热管理系统在调节温度过程中所消耗的能量会显著缩短整车续驶里程。因此，如何在精确管理牵引电池组温度的同时抑制热管理系统自身能耗，已成为亟待解决的关键问题。本文围绕“温度—能耗协同控制”这一核心目标，系统开展了牵引电池组热管理架构设计、多物理场建模、关键参数标定以及多工况控制策略研究。 本研究采用理论分析、实验标定与联合仿真相结合的方法。首先，基于牵引电池组生热原理与传热行为建立电—热耦合模型；接着搭建整车动力系统与热管理系统的一维仿真模型，并通过实验数据对模型精度进行验证。随后，采用最优拉丁超立方抽样（OLHS）识别热管理系统中的关键控制变量；最后，针对低温、常温与高温三种环境类别，分别设计 PID、非线性模型预测控制（NMPC）以及灰狼优化算法与 NMPC 相结合的 GWO-NMPC 控制策略。仿真结果表明，所提出的分层控制策略在温度跟踪能力和能耗经济性方面均优于常规阈值控制与传统 PID 控制。 在本文的研究框架中，首先针对牵引电池组建立等效电路模型。选用 Rint 模型作为电池电特性的等效描述，其端电压 \(U_b\) 与负载电流 \(I_b\) 满足如下关系：
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